ABSTRACT
The most popular media of content delivery in online learning and education in the post-pandemic time has been learning management systems (LMS) or virtual learning environments (VLEs). Since few studies comprehensively presented the impact of gamification in the VLEs/LMS (GVLEs/GLMS) on learning outcomes, satisfaction, engagement, and motivation, this review aims to identify the effects of gamification in the contexts of VLEs/LMS. The authors adopted a systematic review method based on the preferred reporting items for systematic review and meta-analysis protocols (PRISMA-P). The results showed that the GLMS had positive influences on learning motivation, engagement, and satisfaction while it did not necessarily improve learning outcomes due to various factors. Implications and suggestions were given to researchers, developers, educators, and institutions based on the findings.